Synthetic Target Material for Shaped Charge Performance Evaluation, Powdered Metal

ABSTRACT

A shaped charge target apparatus and method for using a target composed of synthetic material, thereby allowing for repeatable testing at a variety of density and hardness values.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. Non-provisional applicationSer. No. 15/506,195 filed Feb. 23, 2017, which is a 371 of InternationalApplication No. PCT/US15/47581, filed Aug. 28, 2015, which claimspriority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/043,072, filed Aug. 28,2014.

FIELD

The invention generally relates to methods and apparatus for testingshaped charges. More particularly, the invention relates to the use ofshape charge targets composed of synthetic materials.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Generally, when completing a subterranean well for the production offluids, minerals, or gases from underground reservoirs, several types oftubulars are placed downhole as part of the drilling, exploration, andcompletions process. These tubulars can include casing, tubing, pipes,liners, and devices conveyed downhole by tubulars of various types. Eachwell is unique, so combinations of different tubulars may be loweredinto a well for a multitude of purposes.

A subsurface or subterranean well transits one or more formations. Theformation is a body of rock or strata that contains one or morecompositions. The formation is treated as a continuous body. Hydrocarbondeposits may exist within the formation. Typically a wellbore is drilledfrom a surface location, placing a hole into a formation of interest.Completion equipment is placed downhole after drilling, includingcasing, tubing, and other downhole equipment as needed. Perforating thecasing and the formation with a perforating gun is a well known methodin the art for accessing hydrocarbon deposits within a formation from awellbore.

Explosively perforating the formation using a shaped charge is a widelyknown method for completing an oil well. A shaped charge is a term ofart for a device that when detonated generates a focused explosiveoutput. This is achieved in part by the geometry of the explosive inconjunction with an adjacent liner. Generally, a shaped charge includesa metal case that contains an explosive material with a concave shapeand has a thin metal liner on the inner surface of the explosivematerial. Many materials are used for the liner including brass, copper,tungsten, and lead. When the explosive detonates the liner metal iscompressed into a super-heated, super pressurized jet that can penetratemetal, concrete, and rock.

A perforating gun has a gun body. The gun body typically is composed ofmetal and is cylindrical in shape. Within a typical gun tube is a chargeholder or carrier tube, which is a tube that is designed to hold theactual shaped charges. The charge holder contains cutouts called chargeholes where the shaped charges are placed.

A shaped charge is typically detonated by a booster or igniter. Shapedcharges may be detonated by electrical igniters, pressure activatedigniters, or detonating cord. One way to ignite several shaped chargesis to connect a common detonating cord that is placed proximate to theigniter of each shaped charge. The detonating cord is comprised ofmaterial that explodes upon ignition. The energy of the explodingdetonating cord can ignite shaped charges that are properly placedproximate to the detonating cord. Often a series of shaped charges maybe daisy chained together using detonating cord.

Shaped charges are tested to ensure quality control as well as determineperformance characteristics. A common test is to place a shaped chargeon top of a plate and concrete cylinder. A steel jacket may surround theconcrete cylinder. The test setup is typically located in a bunker forsafety reasons. The shaped charge is then detonated remotely from acontrol station. The concrete cylinder is then opened up to determinethe depth of the penetration as well as the deviation of the hole fromthe center of the cylinder. One problem with this method is that theconcrete is always curing and is therefore not shelf stable for longperiods of time. A further problem with concrete targets is that itsproperties (such as compressive strength and density) in general aredifficult to control, resulting in inconsistent test data. Concrete isalso too soft to gauge shaped charge performance in hard rockapplications.

Natural rock targets are also commonly used for testing for improvedaccuracy of down hole charge performance. Berea sandstone is one of themost common natural rock targets. These rock targets are generallyexpensive. Moreover, availability of specific examples is sometimeslimited. Rock targets also require complicated confinement designs tosimulate the natural stresses in oil and gas producing formations.

Solid steel targets are used for targets. One problem with a steeltarget is that it is non-porous. An explosive jet passing through aporous medium versus a non-porous one may exhibit significantdifferences. This results in test data that is not always applicable tothe field. Also, steel has a high compressive strength that makes it notsuitable for simulating medium or soft formations.

Aluminum targets are also used to test shaped charges. Aluminum has thesame problem as steel in that it is non-porous. Another problem withaluminum is that it may react with the materials in the high explosivejet. These reactions may result in disruption of the jet and erraticpenetration patterns. Both of these problems result in inconsistent testdata that does not always apply to field conditions.

SUMMARY OF EXAMPLES OF THE INVENTION

An example of the invention may include a shaped charge target puckcomprising a powdered material, wherein the powder is pressed into acylindrical shape and then sintered. A variation of the example mayinclude the powdered material comprising powdered iron, powdered carbon,powdered copper, or powdered molybdenum, or any combination of theidentified materials. A variation of the example may include the targetcomprising a density of approximately 3.34 g/cc with a hardness ofapproximately 61.1 HRP, approximately 4.35 g/cc with a hardness ofapproximately 70.3 HRP, approximately 4.69 g/cc with a hardness ofapproximately 75.4 HRP, or approximately 5.34 g/cc with a hardness ofapproximately 92.2 HRP. A variation of the example may include thetarget comprising a density range of 2.7 g/cc to 8 g/cc. A variation ofthe example may include the target comprising a hardness range of48.8593 HRP to 128.1844 HRP.

Another example of the invention may include a method for testing ashaped charge comprising pressing a powdered material into a disc,sintering the disc, placing the disc proximate to a shaped charge, andfiring the shaped charge into the disc. A variation of the example mayinclude the disc being between 1 and 4 inches diameter. The example mayfurther comprise placing a metal plate between the shaped charge and thedisc. The example may further comprise hardness testing the disc. Theexample may further comprise stacking one or more discs underneath thefirst disc to form a plurality of discs. The example may furthercomprise placing the plurality discs in a test fixture. The example mayfurther comprise saturating the plurality of discs with a fluid. Theexample may further comprise applying a compressive radial stress to theplurality of discs. The example may further comprise applying acompressive axial stress to the plurality of discs. A variation of theexample may include the powdered material including a powdered waxcomponent that is burned off during the sintering process. A variationof the example may include the powdered material including lubricatingadditives that burns off during the sintering process.

Another example of the invention may include a shaped charge testapparatus comprising a first end cap adapted to accept a shaped charge,a second end cap, and a body containing a hollow cylindrical interioradapted for accepting a plurality of synthetic target discs. The examplemay further comprise a first reservoir within the body adapted tocontain a first fluid. The example may further comprise a secondreservoir within the first end cap adapted to contain a second fluid.The example may further comprise synthetic target discs being composedof sintered powdered material. The example may include the powderedmaterial being composed of a metallic powder. The example may furtherinclude the second end cap having a through opening. The example mayfurther include a shape charge being oriented to fire through the secondfluid and the plurality of synthetic target discs.

Another example of the invention may include a shaped charge testapparatus comprising a cylindrical fixture with a hollow portion adaptedfor accepting a plurality of synthetic target cylinders about its outersurface, and having a hallow annulus adapted to accept a perforatinggun. A variation of the example may include the plurality of synthetictarget cylinders located perpendicular to the outer surface of thecylindrical fixture. A variation of the example may include eachsynthetic target cylinder further comprises a plurality of synthetictargets stacked inside. Furthermore, each synthetic target may comprisea powdered material, wherein the powder is pressed into a cylindricalshape and then sintered. A variation of the example may include thepowdered material comprising powdered iron, powdered carbon, powderedcopper, or powdered molybdenum, or any combination of the identifiedmaterials. A variation of the example may include the powdered materialcomprising a density of approximately 3.34 g/cc with a hardness ofapproximately 61.1 HRP, approximately 4.35 g/cc with a hardness ofapproximately 70.3 HRP, approximately 4.69 g/cc with a hardness ofapproximately 75.4 HRP, or approximately 5.34 g/cc with a hardness ofapproximately 92.2 HRP. A variation of the example may include thepowdered material comprising a density range of 2.7 g/cc to 8 g/cc. Avariation of the example may include the powdered material comprising ahardness range of 48.8593 HRP to 128.1844 HRP.

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

For a thorough understanding of the present invention, reference is madeto the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments,taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which referencenumbers designate like or similar elements throughout the severalfigures. Briefly:

FIG. 1 is a shaped charge.

FIGS. 2A, 2B, and 2C are different views of a synthetic target.

FIG. 3 is a cross section of a perforating gun.

FIG. 4 is shaped charge test setup.

FIG. 5 is a perforating gun test setup.

FIG. 6 is a shaped charge test setup.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXAMPLES OF THE INVENTION

In the following description, certain terms have been used for brevity,clarity, and examples. No unnecessary limitations are implied and suchterms are used for descriptive purposes only and are intended to bebroadly construed. The different apparatus and method steps describedherein may be used alone or in combination with other systems and methodsteps. It is to be expected that various equivalents, alternatives, andmodifications are possible within the scope of the appended claims.

Referring to an example shown in FIG. 1, a shaped charge 12 includes ashaped charge case 28 that holds the energetic material 26 and the liner27. The shaped charge case 28 typically is composed of a high strengthmetal, such as alloy steel. The liner 27 is usually composed of apowdered metal that is either pressed or stamped into place. The metalsused in liner 27 may include brass, copper, tungsten, and lead. Theretainer fitting 30 is secured to the end fitting 46 of the shapedcharge case 28 by snapping into place over a flange on end fitting 46.The entire assembly 40 includes shaped charge 12 combined with retainerfitting 30. Alternatively, the fitting 30 could be threaded onto thecharge case 18, secured with adhesive, snapped around the full length ofthe charge case, or formed integrally with the charge case. The fitting30 could also be secured to the charge case 18 using set screws, rollpins, or any other mechanical attachment mechanisms. Alternatively,shaped charge case 28 could be integrally formed to retaining fitting30. This would result in a single component, thus reducing cost andcomplexity.

An example synthetic target is shown in FIGS. 2A, 2B, and 2C. Thesynthetic target 101 in this example is approximately two inches indiameter and one inch in depth. The depth and the diameter may vary.Other dimensions may include a four inch diameter disc with a two inchdepth. The synthetic target 101 can be composed of metal powder. Thesynthetic target 101 may be composed of a combination of metal andceramic powders. The powder used could include one or more of theelements iron, carbon, copper, and molybdenum. The powder is pressedinto the shape of a disk. The pressed synthetic target 101 is thensintered in an inert atmosphere. Afterwards it may be allowed to furnacecool. The indicator 102 designates the top surface of the synthetictarget 101 for testing and quality control purposes. The side presseddown on, in this case the top surface with the indicator 102, mayexhibit a different hardness value than the bottom surface. In thisexample the synthetic target 101 is shaped as a disk or puck, however itmay be shaped in any number of configurations, including rectangular,square, oval, or any other configuration necessary.

An example of a powder mix for the synthetic target 101 may includeNorth American Hoganas R 12 Fe with 10% RXM 100 Cu powder plus 1.5% Mo(−325 mesh), +1.5% graphite, and Asbury 1651+0.75% Acrawax X atomizedlubricant powder. Wax and lubricating additives can be used in thepowder mix. Common examples of lubricating additives include carbon orgraphite. The wax and lubricating additives make the powder metal easierto process. Furthermore, during the sintering process the wax andlubricating additives burn off and create voids in the synthetic target101. These voids give the synthetic target 101 its low density and highporosity if that is desired. The range of likely densities sought forthe synthetic targets is between 2.7 and 8.0 g/cc. The potentialhardness values associated with that range of density is from 40 to 150HRP.

An important advantage of synthetic targets over concrete is that theyare shelf stable. Synthetic targets can be stored for long periods oftime without changing their performance. However, concrete continues tocure, thus making it stronger and harder with time.

An advantage of using synthetic targets is that it the density andhardness are easily changed in order to accommodate specific testingrequirements. For example, a pressed density of 3.5 g/cc may result in asintered density of 3.56 g/cc and a Brinell hardness of 23.3 HB 10/500.Another example may include a pressed density of 4.4 g/cc, resulting ina sintered density of 4.34 g/cc and a Brinell hardness of 43.2 HB10/500. Another example may include a pressed density of 5.0 g/cc,resulting in a sintered density of 4.84 g/cc and a Brinell hardness of56.7 HB 10/500. Another example may include a pressed density of 5.6g/cc, resulting in a sintered density of 5.4 g/cc and a Brinell hardnessof 71.8 HB 10/500. These examples provide the ability to evaluate shapedcharge performance across a broad range of formation stresses andnaturally occurring rocks with differing properties.

In some applications Rockwell Hardness P (HRP) is a better measurementof hardness for synthetic targets. In at least one example, a measureddensity of 3.34 g/cc corresponds to an average measured hardness ofapproximately 61.1 HRP. In at least another example, a measured densityof 4.35 g/cc corresponds to an average measured hardness ofapproximately 70.3 HRP. In at least another example, a measured densityof 4.69 g/cc corresponds to an average measured hardness ofapproximately 75.4 HRP. In at least another example, a measured densityof 5.34 g/cc corresponds to an average measured hardness ofapproximately 92.2 HRP. In another example the density may range from2.7 g/cc to 8 g/cc, corresponding to a range of hardness ofapproximately 48.8593 HRP to 128.1844 HRP.

Referring to an example shown in FIG. 3, a typical perforating gun 10comprises a gun body 11 that houses the shaped charges 12. The gun body11 contains end fittings 16 and 20 which secure the charge holder 18into place. The charge holder 18 in this example is a charge tube andhas charge holes 23 that are openings where shaped charges 12 may beplaced. The charge holder 18 has retainer cutouts 31 that are adapted tofit a retainer fitting 30 in a predetermined orientation. The gun body11 has threaded ends 14 that allow it to be connected to a series ofperforating guns 10 or to other downhole equipment depending on the jobrequirements. In this example the retainer fitting 30 is separate fromthe charge holder 18, however in another variation of the embodimentthat retainer fittings 30 may be integral to the charge holder 18. Eachshaped charge 12 has an associated retainer fitting 30 that secures eachshaped charge 12 to the charge holder 18 and the detonating cord 32. Thedetonating cord 32 runs the majority of the length of the gun body 11beginning at end cap 48 and ending at end cap 49. The detonating cord 32wraps around the charge holder 18 as shown to accommodate the differentorientations of the shaped charges 12. In this embodiment, the shapedcharges 12 have an orientation that is rotated 60 degrees about thecenter axis of the gun body 11 from one shaped charge to the next. Otherorientations may include a zero angle, where all of the shaped charges12 are lined up. Other orientations may have different angles betweeneach shaped charge 12. This example using a 60 degree phase isillustrative and not intended to be limiting in this regard.

Referring to FIG. 4, a shaped charge 50 is tested with a test fixture 61to simulate perforating in downhole conditions. In this test setup theshaped charge 50 may be secured to a piece of casing 53, simulating theperforating gun casing that is penetrated during the perforating event.A fluid barrier 55 is created wherein a void in the test fixture 61 isfilled with a fluid. This simulates the fluid existing in the annulusbetween the perforating gun and the downhole casing. In this case thefluid may include water, drilling mud, or other fluids or combinationsof fluids of interest that may be found downhole. A metallic barrier 62simulates the casing. A concrete barrier 56 simulates the presence ofconcrete between the casing and the formation. The formation material 59is comprised of one of more cylindrical synthetic target segments 63.These segments may be the same hardness or a variety of hardness valuesto simulate different formations. The formation material 59 may besealed and filled with a fluid to saturate the synthetic target segments63. The fluid used to saturate the formation material 59 may includewater, mineral spirits, paint thinner, or some other fluid orcombinations of fluids.

The test fixture 61 contains a body 57, a top cap 54, and a bottom cap60. The bottom cap 60 may have an opening to atmosphere or it may besealed with a base plate. The base plate may have a hole that mayinclude threads or some other mechanism for adapting the hole to afitting. The test fixture 61 may include a fluid space 58 that wrapsaround the test fixture in 360 degrees. The fluid space 58 may bepressurized in order to apply a radial pressure against the formationmaterial 59.

Another test setup is illustrated in FIG. 5 wherein an existingperforating gun 82 is placed inside a piece of well casing 80 with testspecimens 81 attached externally. In this example the test specimens 81may be hollow to allow synthetic target segments 63 to be stackedinside. However, the test specimens 81 may also be a solid piece ofmetal or a solid synthetic target. The test specimens 81 may attach tothe well casing 80 of the perforating gun 81. The attaching means mayinclude threads, clips, interference fit, or some type of adhesive. Oncethe test specimens 81 are in place the perforating gun 82 fires, sendingthe explosive energy of each shaped charge through the well casing 80and into each test specimen 81. This test setup allows for a full up gunsystem test.

Another test setup may include a shaped charge attached to a synthetictarget as shown in FIG. 6. In this setup a detonating cord 91 isattached to a shaped charge 92. The shaped charge 92 is then flush withstandoff 93. The standoff 93 may be a hollow cylinder spacer or a solidmaterial. The standoff 93 may include a liquid, gas, or solid barrierfor the shaped chare 92 to perforate. A scallop plate 94 is below thestandoff. The scallop plate 94 simulates the outer casing of aperforating gun. A clearance means 95 is located below the scallop plate94. The clearance means 95 may include a cylindrical or square devicethat may be hollowed and filled with water, gas or a solid material. Theclearance means 95 simulates that distance inside a wellbore between thecasing and the perforating gun. The wellbore is typically full of water,oil, drilling fluids, or some combination of fluids. The clearance means95 may be filled with any fluid or combination of fluids that may existin a wellbore. The casing of a wellbore is simulated using a steel plate96. A synthetic target 97 is then located below the steel plate 96. Thesynthetic target 97, as disclosed herein, may be composed of a varietyof materials at a variety of densities, porosities, or hardness.

In the test setup show in in FIG. 6 a shaped charge 92 is detonated by adetonating cord 91. The explosive blast of the shaped charge 92 willpenetrate the standoff 93, the scallop plate 94, the clearance means 95,the steel plate 96, and the synthetic target 97. In this example onlyone synthetic is shown, however synthetic targets could be stacked inorder to make a longer distance of material for the shaped charge 92 topenetrate. The entire setup may be fastened together using tape,adhesives, a mechanical device to hold the items 91-97 together, or somecombination thereof.

Although the invention has been described in terms of particularembodiments which are set forth in detail, it should be understood thatthis is by illustration only and that the invention is not necessarilylimited thereto. Alternative embodiments and operating techniques willbecome apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art in view of thepresent disclosure. Accordingly, modifications of the invention arecontemplated which may be made without departing from the spirit of theclaimed invention.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method for testing a shaped charge comprising:pressing a powdered material into a disc; sintering the disc; placingthe disc proximate to a shaped charge; and firing the shaped charge intothe disc.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the disc is between 1 and 4inches diameter.
 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising placing ametal plate between the shaped charge and the disc.
 4. The method ofclaim 1, further comprising hardness testing the disc.
 5. The method ofclaim 1, further comprising stacking one or more discs underneath thefirst disc to form a plurality of discs.
 6. The method of claim 5,further comprising placing the plurality discs in a test fixture.
 7. Themethod of claim 6, further comprising saturating the plurality of discswith a fluid.
 8. The method of claim 7, further comprising applying acompressive radial stress to the plurality of discs.
 9. The method ofclaim 7, further comprising applying a compressive axial stress to theplurality of discs.
 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the powderedmaterial including a wax powdered component.
 11. A shaped charge testapparatus comprising: a first end cap adapted to accept a shaped charge;a second end cap; and a body containing a hollow cylindrical interiorholding a plurality of synthetic target discs.
 12. The shaped chargetest apparatus of claim 11 further comprising a first reservoir withinthe body contains a first fluid.
 13. The shaped charge test apparatus ofclaim 11 further comprising a second reservoir within the first end capcontaining a second fluid.
 14. The shaped charge test apparatus of claim11 wherein the synthetic target discs are composed of sintered powderedmaterial.
 15. The shaped charge test apparatus of claim 14 wherein thepowdered material is composed of a metallic powder.
 16. The shapedcharge test apparatus of claim 11 wherein a shape charge is oriented tofire through the second fluid and the plurality of synthetic targetdiscs.
 17. The shaped charge test apparatus of claim 11 wherein thesecond end cap has a through opening.
 18. A shaped charge test apparatuscomprising: a cylindrical fixture with a hollow portion adapted foraccepting a plurality of synthetic target cylinders about its outersurface, and having a hallow annulus adapted to accept a perforatinggun.
 19. The apparatus of claim 18 wherein the plurality of synthetictarget cylinders are perpendicular to the outer surface of thecylindrical fixture.
 20. The apparatus of claim 18 wherein eachsynthetic target cylinder further comprises a plurality of synthetictargets stacked inside.
 21. The apparatus of claim 20, wherein eachsynthetic target comprises a sintered powdered material in a cylindricalshape.
 22. The apparatus of claim 21, wherein the sintered powderedmaterial comprises powdered iron.
 23. The apparatus of claim 21, whereinthe sintered powdered material comprises powdered carbon.
 24. Theapparatus of claim 21, wherein the sintered powdered material comprisespowdered copper.
 25. The apparatus of claim 21, wherein the sinteredpowdered material comprises powdered molybdenum.
 26. The apparatus ofclaim 21, wherein the sintered powdered material comprises a density ofapproximately 3.34 g/cc and a hardness of approximately 61.1 HRP. 27.The apparatus of claim 21, wherein the sintered powdered materialcomprises a density of approximately 4.35 g/cc and a hardness ofapproximately 70.3 HRP.
 28. The apparatus of claim 21, wherein thesintered powdered material comprises a density of approximately 4.69g/cc and a hardness of approximately 75.4 HRP.
 29. The apparatus ofclaim 21, wherein the sintered powdered material comprises a density ofapproximately 5.34 g/cc and a hardness of approximately 92.2 HRP. 30.The apparatus of claim 21, wherein the sintered powdered materialcomprises a density range of 2.7 g/cc to 8 g/cc.
 31. The apparatus ofclaim 21, wherein the sintered powdered material comprises a hardnessrange of 48.8593 HRP to 128.1844 HRP.